OVERVIEW
1 INTRODUCTION
2 TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TESTS
2.1 Pumping Tests
2.2 Slug Tests
2.3 Testing with Packers
2.4 Text Organization
PART 1: PUMPING TESTS
3 CONCEPTUALIZING GROUNDWATER FLOW TO WELLS
3.1 Development of the Cone of Depression Under Transient Conditions
3.2 The Cone of Depression Under Steady-State Conditions
4 SETTING A PURPOSE, DESIGNING, AND CONDUCTING A PUMPING TEST
4.1 Purpose
4.2 Compiling and Interpreting Existing Data Sets
4.3 Pumping and Observation Well Design and Construction Data
4.3.1 Design of Pumping and Observation Wells
4.3.2 Observation Well Spacing
4.4 Pumping Test Components and Design
4.4.1 Selecting the Pumping Rate
4.4.2 Selecting the Duration of the Pumping Test
4.4.3 Choosing a Pump and Power Supply
4.5 Water Level and Discharge Measurement Schedules
5 TEST EXECUTION AND DATA ANALYSIS
5.1 Measuring and Recording Water Levels
5.2 Establishing Baseline Conditions and Water Level Trends
5.3 Methods to Measure and Maintain a Pumping Rate
5.4 Data Analysis
5.4.1 Correcting Water Level Data
5.4.2 Determining the Test Pumping Rate for analysis
5.5 Notes for Successful Test Execution
6 MATHEMATICS OF FLOW TO A PUMPING WELL
6.1 Using Polar Coordinates
6.2 Development of Equations Describing Aquifer Responses to Pumping
6.2.1 Confined Aquifers
6.2.2 Unconfined Aquifers
6.3 General Assumptions Used to Develop Analytical Well Hydraulic Equations
7 THIEM STEADY-STATE ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR PUMPING CONFINED AND UNCONFINED AQUIFERS
7.1 Steady-State Conditions in a Confined Groundwater System
7.2 Steady-State Conditions in an Unconfined Aquifer
7.3 An Opportunity to Work with Steady State Pumping Test Data
8 TRANSIENT ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR PUMPING OF A FULLY CONFINED AQUIFER
8.1 Formulation of the Theis Equation
8.2 Using The Theis Equation to Predict Drawdowns in Totally Confined Aquifers
8.3 Computing T and S from Hydraulic Test Data Using the Theis Method
8.3.1 Theis Curve Matching Method
8.3.2 Cooper Jacob Straight Line Method
8.3.3 Cooper-Jacob Distance-Drawdown Method
8.3.4 Analyzing Recovery Data
8.3.5 Variable Discharge Pumping Test
8.3.6 Applicability of Methods Presented in this Section
8.4 An Opportunity to Work with Pumping Test Data from a Confined Aquifer
9 TRANSIENT ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR PUMPING IN A LEAKY CONFINED AQUIFER
9.1 Formulation of Equations to Address Leaky Confined Conditions
9.2 Hantush-Jacob Solution (Leaky Confined-No Water Released from Aquitard Storage)
9.2.1 Formulation of the Hantush-Jacob Equation
9.2.2 Predicting Drawdown in Leaky Confined System with the Hantush-Jacob Equation
9.2.3 Pumping Test Data from a Confined Aquifer with a Leaky Confining Bed without Additional Water Released from Aquitard Storage
9.2.4 Hantush-Jacob Curve Matching Method for a Pumping Test in a Confined Aquifer with a Leaky Confining Bed without Water Released from Aquitard Storage
9.2.5 Hantush Inflection-Point Method for a Pumping Test in a Confined Aquifer with a Leaky Confining Bed without Water Released from Aquitard Storage
9.3 Hantush Equation for a Leaky Confined System with Water Released from Confining Bed Storage
9.3.1 Using the Hantush Equation to Predict Drawdown in Leaky Confined Units with Water Released from Confining Bed Storage
9.3.2 Hantush Curve Matching Method to Compute T and S From a Pumping Test in Leaky Confined Unit with Aquitard Storage
9.4 An Opportunity to Work with Pumping Test Data from a Leaky Confined Aquifer
10 TRANSIENT ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR PUMPING AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER
10.1 Approximating the Response of Pumping Unconfined Aquifers Using Theis Approach
10.1.1 Pumping Test Analysis
10.2 Formulating Equations to Represent the Delayed Yield Response
10.3 Formulating Delayed Yield analysis
10.3.1 Mathematical Development of a Delayed Yield Analysis Method
10.4 Computing T and S From Aquifer Test Data
11 EFFECTS OF WELL INTERFERENCE, BOUNDARIES, AND AQUIFER ANISOTROPY ON DRAWDOWN
11.1 Well interference
11.2 Using Superposition to Represent Simple Boundary Conditions
11.2.1 Image Well Methodology
11.2.2 Linear Impermeable and Recharge Boundaries
11.3 Development of Cones of Depression in Anisotropic Heterogeneous Material
11.4 An Opportunity to Use Well Hydraulics to Evaluate Well interference in the Presence of a Recharge Boundary
12 ESTIMATING HYDROGEOLOGIC PROPERTIES USING A SINGLE PUMPING WELL
12.1 Special Considerations When Using Drawdown Data from a Pumping Well
12.1.1 Partial Penetration
12.1.2 Well Loss and Using Step-Drawdown Tests to Assess Loss
12.1.3 Well Interference
12.1.4 Other Conditions that Effect Pumping Well Drawdown
12.2 Drawdown and Recovery Curve-Matching Methods for a Single Pumping Well
12.2.1 Analyzing Time-Drawdown Data
12.2.2 Analyzing Recovery Data
12.3 Steady-State Approximation of Transmissivity
12.4 Performance Tests, Specific Capacity Data, and Estimating T
12.4.1 Cautions When Using Performance Test Results
12.4.2 Methods to Estimate Transmissivity from Performance Tests
12.4.3 Using Specific Capacity to Estimate Transmissivity Assuming Steady-State Conditions
12.4.4 Using Specific Capacity Data to Estimate Transmissivity Assuming Transient Conditions
12.4.5 Basic Equations Relating Specific Capacity to Transmissivity
12.5 An Opportunity to Evaluate Hydrogeologic Properties Using Data from a Pumping Well
13 USING SOFTWARE TO ANALYZE HYDRAULIC TEST DATA WITH A PUMPING WELL
13.1 Pumping Test Analysis Software Packages
13.2 Data Plotting and Curve Matching Methods
PART 2: SLUG TESTS
14 ESTIMATING HYDROGEOLOGIC PROPERTIES USING A SINGLE UNPUMPED WELL
14.1 The Slug Test
14.2 Performing a Slug Test
14.2.1 Assessing the Hydrogeologic Setting and Well Construction
14.2.2 Special Considerations for Water Table Systems
14.2.3 Free Exchange of Water with the formation
14.2.4 Raising and Lowering the Water Level
14.2.5 Recording Water Level Change
14.2.6 Test Repeatability
14.3 Field Data: Overdamped, Underdamped and Critically Damped Water Level Responses to Slug Tests
14.4 Methods to interpret Overdamped Slug Tests
14.4.1 Hvorslev Slug Test Method
14.4.2 Bouwer and Rice Slug Test Method
14.4.3 Cooper-Bredehoeft-Papadopulos Slug Test Method
14.4.4 KGS Slug Test Method
14.5 Method to Interpret Underdamped Slug Tests
14.5.1 Development of Type Curve Equations
14.5.2 Unconfined-High-K Bouwer and Rice Model
14.5.3 Confined–High-K Hvorslev Model
14.5.4 Transitional Slug Test Responses
14.6 Software Available to Analyze Slug Tests
14.7 an Opportunity to Evaluate Hydrogeologic Properties Using Slug Test Data
PART 3: PACKER TESTS
15 BASIC HYDRAULIC TESTING WITH PACKERS
15.1 The Packer Test
15.1.1 Selecting the Test Interval
15.1.2 Setting Up the Packer System
15.2 Testing Methods and Analyses
15.2.1 Slug Tests
15.2.2 Constant Rate Pumping Tests
15.2.3 Constant Head Injection/Withdrawal Test
15.2.4 Step Rate Injection Test (Lugeon Test)
15.2.5 Drill Stem Test
16 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHARACTERIZING LOW PERMEABILITY SYSTEMS, AQUITARDS
16.1 Properties of Aquitards
16.2 Test Methods Used to Estimate Aquitard Properties
16.2.1 Internal Methods
16.2.2 External Methods
17 WRAP-UP
18 EXERCISES
19 REFERENCES
20 BOXES
Box 1 Samples of Graph Paper for Curve Matching Methods
Box 2 Estimating Storativity and Specific Storage (Ss)
Box 3 Image Well Theory Application when Two Linear Boundaries are Present
Box 4 Production Well Efficiency
Box 5 Aqtesolv
Box 6 Aquifertest V12
Box 7 Aquiferwin32 V6
Box 8 Software Used to Analyze Slug Tests
Box 9 Laboratory Methods Used to Determine Hydraulic Properties of Aquitards and Low Permeability Formations
Box 9.1 Falling Head Permeameter (Modified From Box 4.3 of Woessner and Poeter (2020)
Box 9.2 Triaxial Permeability Test
Box 9.3 Consolidometer
Box 10 Reproduction of Figures From Rowe and Nadarajah (1993) Correction Factors
Box 11 Aqtesolv Solutions to Exercises
Box 11.1 Aqtesolv Solution for Exercise 2
Box 11.2 Aqtesolv Solution for Exercise 3 A and B
Box 11.3 Aqtesolv Solution for Exercise 5
Box 11.4 Aqtesolv Solution for Exercise 7
21 EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
22 ABOUT THE AUTHORS
