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It is well established that groundwater flows in three-dimensional (3-D) flow systems which can be simple or complex. It is obvious then that the study of groundwater requires data collected from a variety of locations distributed in three dimensions. The design, placement and operation of appropriate instruments for collecting the necessary data poses a variety of difficult challenges which can affect the required budget and schedule, the quality of the resulting data and the quality of the conclusions drawn based on the data. Based on the authors’ decades of experience this book investigates some of the important methods and approaches available to the hydrogeologic practitioner to achieve collection of high quality data and to avoid the common pitfalls of incomplete or incorrect data with the associated risks of confirmation bias in decision making. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the correct implementation of multilevel systems (MLS) for collection of high quality data on which to base defensible scientific interpretation and engineering designs.