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Flow and Distribution of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids

Book Cover Flow and Distribution of Non-aqueous Phase Liquids
Publication year: 2024
Number of pages: 89

978‑1‑77470‑069‑3
https://doi.org/10.62592/YXXN4737

Citation: Mumford, K. G., Kueper, B. H., & Lenhard, R. J. (2024). Flow and distribution of non-aqueous phase liquids. The Groundwater Project. https://doi.org/10.62592/YXXN4737

Authors:

Kevin Mumford – Queen’s University, Canada
Bernard Kueper – Queen’s University, Canada
Robert Lenhard – Southwest Research Institute, USA

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Released: 3 October 2024

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Flow and Distribution of Non-aqueous Phase Liquids

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Description

In many situations, fluids other than groundwater such as non‑aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) are present in the subsurface, many of which are hazardous industrial chemicals. NAPLs include liquids lighter than water (LNAPLs)—for example, gasoline and diesel fuel—and liquids denser than water (DNAPLs)—including chlorinated solvents and coal tar. This book is an introduction to the fundamentals of NAPL flow in porous media, and presents properties and concepts that dictate how NAPLs are distributed in porous media, including the importance of interfacial tension, wettability, and capillary pressure. Further, the authors describe the relationships among capillary pressure, relative permeability, and fluid saturation, and include more detailed discussions of LNAPL and DNAPL distribution. This book provides the reader with a foundation for understanding conceptual and numerical models of groundwater contamination as well as strategies for the investigation and remediation of NAPL‑affected sites.

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Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Multiple Fluids in Porous Media

1.2 Purpose

1.3 Nomenclature

1.4 Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLS)

1.5 Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLS)

1.6 Life Cycle Of A NAPL Source Zone

1.7 Relevant Exercises

2 PARAMETERS IMPORTANT TO NAPL FLOW

2.1 Overview

2.2 Quantification of Fluid Content

2.3 Interfacial Tension

2.4 Wettability and Contact Angle

3 CAPILLARY PRESSURE

3.1 Capillary Pressure Associated with Single Interfaces

3.2 Macroscopic Capillary Pressure

3.3 Drainage, Imbibition, and Capillary Pressure Saturation Curves

3.4 Residual Formation and Fluid Trapping

3.5 Mathematical Capillary Pressure Saturation Expressions

3.6 Scaling Capillary Pressure Curves

3.7 Relevant Exercises

4 RELATIVE PERMEABILITY

4.1 Effective Permeability and the Extension of Darcy’s Law

4.2 Relative Permeability Curves

4.3 Mathematical Relative Permeability Saturation Expressions

5 DNAPL AND LNAPL DISTRIBUTION

5.1 DNAPL Distribution in DNAPL Water Systems

5.2 Napl Distribution in Three Fluid Systems

5.3 LNAPL Distribution

5.4 Relevant Exercises

6 VISUAL EXAMPLES OF DNAPL AND LNAPL MIGRATION

6.1 DNAPL Migration Through Heterogeneous Sand

6.2 LNAPL Migration Followed by a Water Table Fluctuation

7 SUMMARY

8 EXERCISES

9 REFERENCES

10 BOXES

BOX 1 ADDITIONAL EQUATIONS FOR AIR NAPL WATER SYSTEMS

11 EXERCISE SOLUTIONS

12 NOTATIONS

13 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

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