CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Purpose
1.3 How to use This Document
1.4 Method of Investigation
1.5 Nature and Role of Conceptual Models
CHAPTER 2: FACTORS IN AQUITARD VULNERABILITY
2.1 Types of Aquitards
2.2 Susceptibility of Regional Aquifers and Wells
2.3 Transport Pathways
2.4 Contaminant Types
CHAPTER 3: STRATIGRAPHY AND LITHOLOGY: DETERMINING THE PRESENCE AND EXTENT OF AQUITARDS
3.1 Regional Mapping of Aquitards with Lithologic Logs
3.2 Regional Mapping of Aquitards with Geophysical Methods
3.3 Time Domain Electromagnetics, an Example of Surface Geophysics
3.4 Correlation of borehole geophysical logs
CHAPTER 4: DRILLING METHODS IN AQUITARD STUDIES
4.1 Hollow Stem Auger Drilling
4.2 Direct Push Drilling
4,3 Rock Coring
4.4 Rotosonic Drilling
4.5 Rotary Drilling
CHAPTER 5: OBSERVATIONS OF BOREHOLES AND CORE
5.1 Temporary Sealing of Boreholes in Lithified Environments
5.2 Borehole Visualization Techniques
5.3 Natural Gamma Logging
5.4 Normal Resistivity Logging
5.5 Borehole Caliper Logging
5.6 X-Radiography for Identification of Structure in Cores
5.7 Core-Scale Measurements of Physical Properties
CHAPTER 6: TESTING AND SAMPLING FROM OPEN BOREHOLES
6.1 Packer Testing in Boreholes
6.2 Groundwater Sampling Using Straddle Packers
6.3 Fluid Temperature and Electrical Conductivity Logs
6.4 Borehole Flowmeter Logs
CHAPTER 7: BOREHOLE INSTRUMENTATION
7.1 Standpipe Piezometers
7.2 Buried Transducers
7.3 Depth-Discrete Multilevel Monitoring Systems
CHAPTER 8: ESTIMATING THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUITARDS
8.1 Estimating Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity from a Mapped Cone of Depression
8.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Measurement Using Slug Tests
8.3 Analysis of Data Obtained from Straddle Packers
8.4 Pumping Tests for Aquitard Assessment
8.5 Hydraulic Conductivity Estimates from Numerical Model Calibration
CHAPTER 9: ASSESSING CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH AQUITARDS
9.1 Simple Analytical Calculation of Vertical Flow Through an Aquitard
9.2 Estimates Based on Numerical Flow and Transport Models
9.3 Chemical Analysis of Cores
9.4 Environmental Isotope Distributions in Groundwater
9.5 Tritium
9.6 Oxygen-18 and Deuterium
9.7 Dissolved Inorganic Chemical Species and Parameters
9.8 Waterborne Virus Testing
9.9 Assessment of DNAPL Pathways
CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATING INFORMATION AT REGIONAL AND SITE SCALES – A FRAMEWORK FOR UTILITY MANAGERS
10.1 A Stepwise Approach to Aquitard Evaluation
APPENDIX A: THE NINE SPRINGS AQUITARD STUDY SITE
A.1 Background
A.2 Site Selection
A.3 Geology and Hydrogeology
A.4 Field Methods
A.5 Results and Conclusions from the Nine Springs Site
APPENDIX B CONCEPTUAL MODELS: EAU CLAIRE AQUITARD
B.1 Geologic Conceptual Model
B.2 Flow System Conceptual Model
B.3 Conceptual Model of Contaminant Transport Across the Eau Claire Aquitard
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
ABBREVIATIONS
