Groundwater researchers, educators, regulators, and water managers should have a general working knowledge of naturally occurring fluoride in groundwater. It often occurs at concentrations unfit for drinking when the aquifer rocks are silica-rich volcanics, granites, or phosphorous-rich marine sediments. This book introduces the reader to how our knowledge of fluoride in groundwater began, its effect on teeth and bones at high dosages, its distribution in groundwaters worldwide, natural processes causing high fluoride concentrations, examples of aquifers contaminated with unhealthy concentrations of fluoride and techniques used to treat excess fluoride in groundwater.
Fluoride in Groundwater

Publication year: 2022
Number of pages: 130
ISBN: 978-1-77470-019-8
https://doi.org/10.21083/978-1-77470-019-8
Citation: Nordstrom, D.K., & Smedley P.L., (2022). Fluoride in groundwater. The Groundwater Project. https://doi.org/10.21083/978-1-77470-019-8.
Authors:
D. Kirk Nordstrom: United States Geological Survey, USA
Pauline L. Smedley: British Geological Survey, United Kingdom
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John Cherry
Last Update: 19 January 2024
Released: 11 January 2022
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Fluoride in Groundwater
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Global-Fluoride-Concentrations-in-Groundwater_Nordstrom-Smedley.xlsx
1 file(s) 129.84 KB
Description
Interview with the Authors
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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HISTORY OF FLUORIDE IN WATER AND THE RECOGNITION OF FLUOROSIS
3 LITERATURE ON FLUORIDE IN WATER
4 REGULATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FLUORIDE IN DRINKING WATER
5 ROCK AND SEDIMENT SOURCES
5.1 Fluorine in Igneous Rocks
5.2 Fluorine in Sedimentary Rocks
5.3 Fluorine in Metamorphic Rocks
6 MINERAL SOURCES
7 FACTORS AFFECTING FLUORIDE MINERAL SOLUBILITIES
7.1 Thermodynamics and Mineral Saturation Indices
7.2 Ionic Strength Effects
7.3 The Effect of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) And Calcite Precipitation
7.4 The Effect of Temperature On Fluoride Concentrations
8 WORLDWIDE OCCURRENCES OF FLUORIDE IN GROUNDWATER
9 NATURAL GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES CAUSING HIGH FLUORIDE GROUNDWATER
9.1 NA-HCO3 Groundwaters and the Aquia Aquifer, Maryland, USA
9.2 Aquifer Lithology and Mineralogy
9.3 Extremes Of pH
10 ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES OF HIGH FLUORIDE GROUNDWATER
11 CASE STUDIES
11.1 Ion Exchange in the Lincolnshire Limestone Aquifer, Eastern England
11.2 The Datong Alluvial Aquifer, Shanxi, China
11.3 The East African Rift Valley
11.4 The North China Plain Alluvial Aquifer
11.5 The Black Creek Sandstone Aquifer, South Carolina, USA
12 MITIGATION OF EXCESS FLUORIDE IN GROUNDWATER
13 CONCLUDING REMARKS
14 EXERCISES
15 REFERENCES
16 BOXES
Box 1 Fluoride Concentrations in Groundwaters by Continent Size Regions and Countries
17 EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
18 ABOUT THE AUTHORS
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